Altimeters are widely used in aviation, hiking, mountaineering, meteorology, geography, and space exploration. In this blog, we will take a closer look at Aneroid barometer, how they work, and their various uses.

Types of Aneroid barometer:

Mainly, there are two types of Altimeter, 

1. Pressure Altimeter or Aneroid barometer, which approximates altitude above sea level by measuring atmospheric pressure.
2. Radio altimeter, which measures absolute altitude (distance above land or water) based on the time required for a radio wave signal to travel from an airplane, a weather balloon, or a spacecraft to the ground and back.

How Altimeters Work:

The Aneroid Barometer operates on the principle that average atmospheric pressure decreases linearly with altitude. The instrument is enclosed in a case that is connected to the outside of the aircraft by an air pressure inlet at the rear of the housing. 

Two or more aneroid capsules—i.e., thin corrugated metallic bellows from which air has been exhausted—are positioned near the inlet. These capsules expand when the outside air pressure falls (as in climbing) and contract when the outside air pressure rises (as in descending). 

By a mechanical arrangement of sector gears, pinion, backlash spring, and crankshaft, the expansion or contraction of the aneroid capsules is converted to the movement of pointers on a dial. 

The graduated scale dial is marked off in metres or feet, and a series of gear-driven pointers similar, to the hands of a clock may be used to indicate the altitude in units of hundreds, thousands, or tens of thousands. The barometric scale dial records the air pressure in millibars (mb). 

Demonstration of Aneroid barometer in classroom to our students:

Being such a useful instrument, how can we demonstrate Aneroid barometer and it’s working principle in classroom to our students? We can use this working, aneroid barometer demonstration kit & explain its working, parts & uses to our students during our physics class. 

Uses of Aneroid barometer: Altimeters have a number of uses, including:

1. Aviation: Aneroid barometer are essential instruments for pilots and are used to determine the altitude of an aircraft during flight. This information is crucial for safe flight and navigation.
2. Hiking and Mountaineering: Altimeters can be used by hikers and mountaineers to determine the altitude of a location, which can be useful for navigation and to plan their route.
3. Meteorology: Aneroid barometer are used by meteorologists to gather data on atmospheric pressure and temperature, which is used in weather forecasting.
4. Geography: Altimeters can be used in geography to determine the elevation of a location and the shape of the terrain. This information is crucial for mapping and surveying.
5. Space Exploration: Aneroid barometer are used in space exploration to determine the altitude of spacecraft and landers. This information is crucial for landing and exploring other planets and celestial bodies.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, Aneroid barometer or Altimeters are versatile and useful instruments that have a variety of applications in different fields. Whether you’re a pilot, hiker, meteorologist, geographer, or space explorer, an altimeter can be an indispensable tool for measuring altitude and making important decisions.

About Labkafe

Founded by NIT alumni in 2015, Labkafe quickly became India’s leading manufacturer of laboratory equipment and furniture. With a vision to revolutionize educational supplies, Labkafe has rapidly expanded, enhancing lab infrastructure across the country and beyond, supporting the next generation of scientists.

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About Drones

So, what are drones anyway? Drones, or to be more formal, UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) are small aircraft that you can control from the ground with a dedicated controller. This is a very broad definition, though. There are a bewildering variety of drones that come in all shapes and sizes ‒ from tiny fits-in-the-palm toys to military remote controlled airplanes capable of bombing a whole village. 

Drones are a very young technology, at least in the public sector. The concept of remote controlled aircraft is nothing new but in the consumer sector the revolution has just only begun. Nowadays, we are using drones for a lot of stuff ‒ from taking pictures and videos to analyzing large 3D spaces to counting trees and finding geographical faults. 

Once they were a technology reserved for the elite and the special, but now drones have become accessible and affordable to pretty much anyone. This is pushing the boundaries of aircraft innovation like never before. You can say, community involvement in UAV research has taken to the skies!

Drone Lab in School

In our country, a change is coming over the educational landscape. The new education policy we are implementing requires schools to upgrade to 21-st century knowledge and skill set disbursement. With that in view we are implementing STEM labs in schools, and drone labs are an excellent way to teach STEM if you got the funds for it.

Teaching drone technology to students in a drone lab is a great way to introduce them to modern technology and engineering. Drones are a ton of fun ‒ kids will love building and maintaining them. They have lots of different parts which can be changed to alter the behavior of the drone; this will incite the students to explore and experiment on their own.

Drones are great at teaching how various physics principles work ‒ all that are connected to aerial movements and fluids. They are great at building fine control skills and visual coordination since you have to control them indirectly from the ground. Kids can also learn various aspects of society and how the modern and futuristic world works with drones. For example, drones are used to carry out pathological testing in rural and mountainous areas. 

Let’s face it, drones are here to stay ‒ just as smartphones were 20 years ago. The faster we prepare our future generations for them, the better off they will be.

How to Start a Drone Lab

Doing R&D with drones is as exciting as it can be rewarding. But to do it effectively to gain results, you will need to set up a drone lab properly. That is not as easy as it sounds. 

Most drone labs need to have at least two dedicated areas of work depending upon their function ‒ the development zone and the testing zone. Let’s look into details about these.

Drone Development Area

The room where students build, maintain, and modify their drones and drone parts is called the Drone Development Area. Since this science is very common to STEM, an existing STEM lab with a dedicated drone assembly/maintenance table will do fine as a drone development zone. If, however, you are building a solo or separate drone lab for your school, then you have to include the following furniture in it:

1. Electronics station
2. Soldering booth (can be integrated into the electronics station)
3. Assembly and maintenance desk
4. Drone gimbal rig (to test a drone’s stability)
5. Storage cabinets (open and shuttered)
6. Lab safety/emergency booth

Additionally, you will need the following drone lab equipment ready at hand:

• Drone frames: these make the ‘body’ of the drone and depending upon them you have to decide what kind of drone you will build. The frame of a drone affects its configuration entirely (like motor and propeller number), other mechanical components that you can attach, stability, flight speed and pretty much everything else about a drone.  
   
• Drone Motors: these are the ‘engines’ of the drone. Drone motors directly drive the propellers which provide the thrust. They are generally small and lightweight BLDC (Brushless DC) motors which can achieve great speed with a small current. They are also polar ‒ you need to decide how many clockwise rotating motors you need and how many anticlockwise (hint: generally, they come in pairs) you need.  
   
• ESCs: Electronic speed controllers are kind of the motion control nerve center for your rig. ESCs are high-precision lightweight electronic modules (generally packed solid) that directly control the speed and direction of the motors, so they team up to control how the drone will move.  
   
• Propellers: How can a drone go airborne without thrust-providing propellers? These push the air down and create upwards force that lifts the drone up. They are generally made up of carbon fiber and epoxy. Like motors, they come in directional twists as well.  
   
• Power Distribution Boards: No matter how much power is there, it won’t achieve anything until it is distributed properly among the components. Power distribution boards are in charge of that in drones.  
   
• Connectors: This one is a no-brainer. You need wires to connect various parts of an electronic device, period. In a drone, the wires need to team up with specific joiners to create ‘connectors’. Take these in various colors so your students can identify what goes where.  
   
• Lights: Consider adding tiny LED strobes to your drone in order to spot it from a distance, work with low light conditions, and spot drone direction.  
   
• Batteries: Generally for school projects, 12-24 volts LiPo batteries will suffice.  
   
• Battery Chargers: Goes without saying.  
   
• Flight Controller: Virtually the brain of your drone, the flight controller uses various sensors (gyroscope, accelerometer, magnetometer, GPS etc.) to sense how the drone is moving, and uses that data to direct the ESCs to control the drone’s flight.  
   
• RC Receiver: A remote control receiver or drone radio transmitter is your main control device for your drone. This handheld device has various controls that you can use to direct your drone. The device translates your finger movements into electronic signals that it transmits to the drone. Some controllers have receivers that can get signals from the drone as well, like video data from drone cameras.  
   
• Anti-vibration Pad: These small styrofoam padding sits between various joints in the drone and reduces the vibration from the motors, protecting the sensors.   
   
• Camera Mount: If your drone is large and strong enough, it can carry a small camera on its underbelly. The camera mount provides the place to attach your GoPro or similar cams.  
   
• Micro SD Card: If your drone has built-in cameras then you’ll need small storage solutions like micro SD cards.  
   
• Drone Landing Pads: Don’t land your expensive drone in the dust! Get a proper landing pad and land it there.  
   
• Propeller Guards: When drones get hit by an obstacle, the first thing to go is the propeller since they are the most extended parts of a drone. Protect your expensive equipment, invest in propeller guards.
• 
  Drone Carrying Case: For outdoor use, you will have to provide proper casings and backpack or handheld carrying bag for the drone, its controller, and accessories.

Apart from the above, do keep some basic DIY crafting supplies like glue, tapes, cardboard, paint, etc. handy in a cabinet ‒ you never know what kids may think up!

Drone Testing Area

What’s the point of building a cool drone if you can’t fly it around and make it do things? The drone testing area is a dedicated space for the students to test out their drones in a safe, clear area with various testing accessories installed. It can be indoor or outdoor, depending upon your facility’s available space. 

An ideal drone testing area should be 18 feet by 24 feet in floor space and 15 feet of vertical clearance. Indoors, you can throw up a net inside your gym or indoor performance area and use that for your drone testing. The net should be at most 1-inch square mesh. Cover the floor of this area with foam matting so the delicate devices don’t get hurt when they drop from mid-air. 

Note: you can also rig up a net in an outdoor area for drone testing purposes. This will ensure drones stay within range and don’t fly off. 

If you are testing outdoors, consider equipping your students with high-visibility work vests (yellow or orange) so that people don’t jostle them accidentally while they are holding delicate equipment and working. If they are going to work inside the testing area, then equip them with hard hats as well ‒ its not a pleasant experience when a flying drone hits you on the back of your head.

If the drone testing area is indoors and permanent, then you can invest in some good hardware for drone flight testing. Hang loops and bars and rods from the ceiling to create an obstacle course. Add motion-detection cameras in four corners to track your drone’s performance precisely. Use glass instead of net. Project location photos on a wall and test to see if the drone recognizes obstacles. There are lots of possibilities you can explore with an indoor drone testing facility.

On the other hand, the outdoors offer you lots of opportunities if your drone will be primarily used for filming or transportation. 

Take Off Now

Drones are fun, educational, useful, and certainly the future that’s going to stay. Building a drone lab for your students now is one of the smartest things to do to increase your school reputation and attract more students. Building a standalone drone lab or as a part of the STEM lab is very prudent ‒ albeit a bit costly ‒ for any school administrator. To that end, Labkafe can help immensely. Our drone lab package includes all lab equipment and accessories you need to take off with your drone lab today. Contact now and find out more!

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The concept of learning things by doing things is as old as mankind itself. The first man did not learn how to create fire by reading a book, they struck stones together and interpreted the results. When it comes to effectively learning something new, especially something from the science and technology sector, then the value of hands-on learning is beyond doubt and debate.

Any school that is geared towards bringing up youngsters with in-depth knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts will want to set up a stem lab in school. This dedicated area, also known as a makerspace, tinkering lab, or learning lab is excellent for youngsters to quickly digest basic and complex science concepts and develop a design-oriented mindset with great problem-solving skills and critical analysis.

Advantages of building a STEM lab

So far, young students have not been much better than educational zombies. They consume knowledge at a great rate ‒ even better since the accessibility of smartphones ‒ but they are stuck with being passive consumers. Not being able to use knowledge in action in real life cripples a person intellectually. A crippled mind is a devil’s playground for pseudoscience. 

But at age, you can’t cure this. That is why to build a nation with a solidly firm scientifically-minded backbone, one has to teach scientific concepts with technological hands-on work from a very young age. In foreign nations, they start this process as early as grades 2 and above. Surely we can implement it at grades 6+ here.

A STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) lab oriented education transforms a passive learner to an active creator. Makerspaces or STEM innovation labs in schools provide a perfect environment for young minds to glow bright with technical creativity. It takes learning beyond textbooks and into first-hand live experiences. 

True, there already are physics, chemistry, and biology labs existing in school. But their scopes are limited and they are way too complex and specific for youngsters. Also ‒ old! To learn 21-century skills and technical know-how, you have to have a learning space compatible with modern skillsets ‒ creative and design-oriented thinking, critical thinking, problem solving, analytical mindset, etc. 

But that’s not all. A STEM lab is more than just a personal playground ‒ it is a teamwork effort. It teaches students communication skills, empathy and resilience. And teachers can observe groups of students poring over a project and identify each one’s characteristics precisely, which is very hard in classrooms. So, STEM labs also help teach better and to fill out every student’s needs. No one will be left behind!

Moreover, obviously your primary concern is that your students find success in their future careers. To that end, you must know that industry needs in the job market have changed drastically in recent years. Even ten years ago, standard college degrees were good enough to get you a starting job ‒ but not anymore. Nowadays, companies require much more sound knowledge of 21st century technologies and soft skills, not to mention good communication skills and teamwork and analytical thinking skills. A makerspace is the best place to pick these up early in life.

How to set up a STEM Lab

1. Get the furniture

We don’t often think of the furniture when we think of a laboratory, but that’s hugely underrated. Properly configured work surfaces are what you will need to be successful. To that end, a STEM lab needs modular, sturdy furniture that are easy to move as well. They should include the following:

• General work tables (hexagonal or rectangular)
• Electronics workbench
• Soldering booth
• Tools and heavy work station
• 3D printing station
• Robotics workbench
• Robotics testing table
• Computer stations
• Teacher’s or lab instructor’s table
• Emergency booth
• Open and locked storage cabinets (could be integrated with other furniture)
• Rough mat to clean shoes
• Chairs or lab stools (as necessary)

Make sure the furniture are from a good, reputed brand.

2. Get STEM lab equipment

STEM labs need mostly DIY (Do-It-Yourself) kits and similar equipment. Labkafe provides full packages of such fun and easy DIY STEM kits for all levels; consult our STEM lab package page to learn more. These specially designed STEM classroom bundles provide all a child needs to begin his or her journey into the world of science, electronics, programming, and robotics. 

3. Get other equipment

The basic idea behind a STEM lab learning is to make and break and make things again. And kids love making and breaking things. So make sure that your school STEM lab is well supplied with toy and diy construction materials such as glue, scissors, paper, tapes, cardboard etc. at all times. Once they get the motivation and the material, they become unstoppable. 

The next part is to get computers. Since everything is online these days, computers with internet access have become indispensable. Kids will need them to get DIY videos, tutorials, manuals etc. Also, they can access online software like TinkerCAD etc. There are many resources available online that the STEM lab instructor also can utilize.

4. Get a 3D printer (optional)

They are costly, but they are fun and useful! 3D printers come in all shapes and sizes but you can make do with a basic one. With it, kids can build custom parts for their projects and make cheap prototypes for testing. Try getting a standard desktop 3D printer that’s good for small projects and visualizing complex concepts. 

5. Ready the curriculums

You can bring all the furniture and materials you want, but without guidance all that would be useless. Prepare a proper STEM class curriculum for your lab (or get some resources that are available online). This will be useful for your lesson planning and also to let parents know what they can expect their kids to get involved in. This is a good idea since honestly STEM isn’t yet well-known in India yet and thus all kinds of guidance and educatives are welcome.

6. Create the atmosphere

A STEM lab is more than just the room and its content and its lessons. It is all about taking a holistic approach to make a wholesome atmosphere supporting innovation, concept absorption and creativity. An inspiring and supportive ambiance is exactly what kids need to grow their STEM skills. Without it, the lab will fail to nurture capable students and inspire others.

So, how to create such an environment? Firstly, visual stimulation works great, so give the room the best decorations you can that supports STEM work ‒ with colorful charts, infographics, instruction, pictures, even inspirational quotes and science symbols work well. 

Secondly, hire somebody special to do the teaching. The STEM lab instructor/teacher should be playful, expressive, burning with curiosity and wise about the real-life applications of the concepts they would be teaching. They should remember that the school STEM lab is half learning and half play.

In a Nutshell

A STEM lab for schools is all about having fun while you learn. It requires a lot of enthusiasm to create what was not created, to make what does not exist, to explore the vast avenues of science and technology, and the drive to find satisfaction in creation. To that end, a STEM lab provides young students with all the 21st century skills that they need to survive the new world. These include design-oriented thinking, critical analysis, logical reasoning, creative approach, and problem-solving skills. 

We know that setting up a STEM lab for schools is not an easy task. That is why Labkafe provides full guidance and hand-holding throughout custom STEM lab projects. We also smoothen the process by offering STEM lab packages with all kinds of DIY kits your young students will have fun tweaking. Come to Labkafe to set up your makerspace today!

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In this article, let’s understand the ATL and Robotics Lab equipment requirements.

What is ATL (Atal Tinkering Lab)

The full form of ATL is Atal Tinkering Lab, which is a part of the Atal Innovation Mission by the Niti Aayog. Each ATL is basically a workspace where our youngsters can learn science and technology in a modernistic hands-on approach with robotics lab equipment. The idea behind this is to induce scientific, logical, design and execution oriented thinking in children that promotes a self-reliant approach.

ATL tinkering labs teach young students innovation and technology through do-it-yourself kits and similar ATL lab equipment. Here, children get to learn concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) using various tools and equipment that results in things that actually do something meaningful and useful on some level.

The primary goal of ATL is to build machines that use scientific concepts through DIY kits and other equipment on electronics, robotics, microcontrollers, sensors, 3D printers, computers, etc. ATL Lab instructors should encourage students to build on their own while providing basic working principles and other needful support. Students should try their best to come up with ideas of machines that accomplish some goal.

What Should an ATL and Robotics Lab Contain

• DIY kits to practically implement scientific concepts
• Equipment to implement STEM concepts
• Spare parts for all products
• Space and lab furniture good enough for full class to work in
• Instruction manuals for all parts
• Video tutorials that clearly explain making robots using basic parts
• Large number of accessories enough to implement practically anything the students can come up with
• Meeting rooms and video conferencing facility

How do students benefit from ATL

• Atal tinkering labs inculcate curiosity, creativity, and imagination in young minds. 
• They bring advanced, era-specific technology to students who often do not have access to such resources.
• Builds up new age skills such as computational thinking, design mindset, physical computing, adaptive learning, etc.
• Promotes active learning while building self-confidence.
• ATLs are great for developing the students’ analytical and logical thinking abilities. They are encouraged to research on their own, and rely on their problem-solving skills.
• Children get to see and learn about the what, how, and whys of STEM through easy kits.
• ATL labs present device programming in an easy-to-understand manner that rewards critical thinking and gives practical results to the students’ work.

How do schools benefit from ATL

• Foremost, schools get the chance to implement teaching of advanced and up-to-date concepts in science like Robotics, IoT, AI, Drones, Space science etc.
• Any school run by government, private trusts, or local bodies teaching classes 6th to 10th standard is eligible to add an ATL to their facilities. 
• Schools get to compete in robotics lab related national and state level competitions, workshops, seminars about problem solving workshops, exhibitions, design and fabrication of products, etc. 
• The school doesn’t have to pay for Atal labs. The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) pays for the ATLs for schools. Each school undertaking an Atal tinkering lab will receive 10 lacs for setting up the lab and 10 lacs for the running costs of the lab up to 5 years after setting it up.

ATL and Robotics Lab Equipment List

Any and all schools implementing an ATL lab will need to purchase items as per the AIM provided guidelines. Here is a basic list of items you will need to get to run an Atal tinkering lab.

The equipment list for ATL is divided into four parts, part 1 to 4. Here are their descriptions.

1. Part 1: Electronics Development, Robotics, Internet of Things, Sensors
   1. Microcontroller kits ‒ Arduino Uno, Nano, Mega, Raspberry Pi
   2. Breadboards, circuit boards, and their accessories
   3. LED, diodes, transistors, switches, resistors, and capacitors pack
   4. Cables, batteries, connectors, wires, etc.
   5. Various sensor, connection and display modules like LED matrix, bluetooth, GPS, IR, touch sensor,  etc.
   6. Driving modules like motors, microphone, sound playback, LDR, IR transmitter, etc.
   7. STEM kits like drone, aerospace, automobile, biomedical, water/sanitation, agri-tech, etc.
2. Part 2: Rapid Prototyping Tools
   1. 3D printer and its accessories
   2. Art and craft stationeries
3. Part 3: Mechanical, Electrical, and Measuring Tools
   1. Various mechanical work tools like screwdriver set, hammer, pliers, hacksaw, spanner, vice, wrench, etc.
   2. Drill machine set and workstation
   3. Soldering kit and accessories
   4. Hot glue gun and glue sticks
   5. Power adapters
   6. Measuring tools like scale, tape, digital vernier calipers, multimeters, etc.
   7. Microscope, telescope, and sewing kit
4. Part 4: Power, Accessories, Safety
   1. Power and electrical tools and accessories like wires, nuts and bolts and screws, bulb holders, etc. and USB to DC jack cable
   2. Safety equipment like fire extinguisher, first aid kit, safety goggles, etc.  Learn more about lab safety equipment here .

For a detailed list of Atal Tinkering Lab equipment, please refer to the AIM website.

How to apply for an Atal Tinkering Lab

Technically speaking, any school teaching classes VI to X can apply for an ATL lab. But that doesn’t mean they will get one. To apply for an ATL lab, the school will need to fill out an online application form and submit it online, at the AIM (Atal Innovation Mission) web portal. 

In the next step, AIM tests the school body and infrastructure mercilessly for a screening. It is a rigorous challenge-based selection process that is frankly tough to go through. If your school manages to pass the test, that’s not enough. After you get notified of selection, you will need to submit all required documentation and complete PFMS (Public Finance Management System) compliance procedure. 

Once these are done, the school can now get the government grant of 20 lakh rupees to establish an Atl tinkering lab inside their premises. The grant is split into two equal parts ‒ the first half is meant to pay for the establishment of the lab, and the second half would go towards the recurring maintenance costs of the labs. 

To establish an ATL in your school, you will need to execute the following internally:

1. Plan for the ATL: planning is important in any official process and something of this magnitude is doubly so. Sit with your school leaders and develop separate, detailed executive plans for the workspace development, human resource distribution, materials, and timeline.
2. Create an Organizational Structure: it goes without saying that the lab itself should be headed and run by a tightly defined group of able personnel. But beyond that, you should establish an ATL Advisory Committee (AAC) that will make sure that the Atal lab is running smoothly and as per AIM guidelines. This group should include elements from all levels of stakeholders of the lab.
3. Allocate human resources for the lab: Not all teachers and lab instructors are worthy of an ATL and school leaders should remember that vividly. Do make sure you hire teaching personnel for the lab who are skilled at innovation and stay up-to-date and are experienced thoroughly with getting their hands dirty.
4. Set up the workspace: the workspace must follow the AIM guidelines strictly and as such each lab should be at least 1500 square feet in size. It should have a conference room, and enough lab furniture and seating and storage for 30 students.
5. Procure equipment: How can a lab run without lab equipment? Follow the above list and get everything from there. Avoid cheap vendors and don’t skimp on the safety equipment. After procurement, make sure all the equipment are properly labeled and stored in respective cabinets.

After you set up the ATL lab, use the help of the AAC to run it fluidly and properly. 

In Conclusion

ATL labs, or Atal Tinkering Labs aim to provide a secure workspace for youngsters across the country where they can learn technological skills and create various machines and devices of their own ideas using a flexible and adaptive environment. 

To grow as a knowledge economy, India must upgrade its youth to 21st Century skills of design-oriented thinking, problem solving, critical analysis, and innovative creativity. The vision of AIM, creators of ATLs, is to “Cultivate one Million children in India as Neoteric Innovators” and Labkafe stands firm behind the idea.

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What is CSR Fund

CSR full form is Corporate Social Responsibility, which is a broad term encompassing a company’s beneficial actions towards the society and the planet altogether. According to CSR rules (varies from country to country), a company must reserve a small part of their profits in a CSR fund. Then they can use this fund to finance various projects that benefit the society, the planet, or donate it to a national relief fund. 

The basic idea behind corporate social responsibility is that since a business is profiting so much from the people and the planet, they should give some of that profit to benefit those same people and planet. It is only fair to invest in developing the soil that you got rich off. Plus, it makes you popular as well.

A CSR fund is an excellent opportunity for a large business to give back to people while boosting their brand presence. It varies from company to company and industry to industry, but in general a business will have to reserve some of its profits as a social responsibility fund, and then pass it on to fund some sort of activity that benefits the society or the planet or people in some way.

The phrase ‘corporate social responsibility’ is very hard to define precisely. In general it is a wide concept covering a business’s actions towards improving the world. It means that the business engages in activities that are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable and beneficial.

A business may have four zones of corporate social responsibility, as follows:

• Philanthropic responsibility: funding educational programs, health initiatives, community improvement, local infrastructure, supporting causes such as anti-war rally, etc. 
• Human rights responsibility: fair labor, fair trade, abolish child labor, equial rights, and so on.
• Environmental responsibility: sustainable use of natural resources, reduce carbon footprint, reduce pollution, and make the world healthier.
• Economic responsibility: engaging in various business practices that are economically beneficial and sustainable.

Why Should A Business Do CSR

Apart from the fact that it has become compulsory nowadays by national law, the reality is undeniable that giving back makes one popular. Indeed, the benefits of CSR are significant enough that some of the corporate giants actually spend more than their fair share required by law in CSR activities. The benefits of practicing corporate social responsibility include:

• Better brand presence: A company’s corporate reputation skyrockets with CSR activities. A person who donates or helps often is universally a popular person.
• Better customer loyalty: if they know that you are supporting a good cause, your customers will prefer you over your competitors. Cash in that goodwill!
• Better employee loyalty: Employees like a firm which puts their hard work for good causes. It becomes more effective in case of talented and key employees who take an active interest in the company’s culture.
• Better funding opportunities: Investors too like the fact that their patron engages in CSR activities. Dedicating money, resources, and time for a good cause impresses everybody.
• Better oiling the machine: A business with a good CSR reputation will have a better recognition by regulatory authorities as well.

The key takeaway here is that CSR funding helps both the society and the brand itself. It is a great way to raise morale in office and awareness outside. The CSR business model lets the company make a concentrated effort to enhance rather than degrade the society and environment on which they thrive.

CSR Fund Rules and Regulations

CSR is an universal concept and is internationally practiced. The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights 2011 clearly states that businesses must respect human rights and pay due diligence in their activities. However, it is not clear what ‘due diligence’ means ‒ so, it is better to employ the help of lawyers to find out the scope of the CSR activities in a country before implementing CSR funds.

In India, as per the section 135 of the Companies Act 2013, every company bigger than 500 crores of net worth (or making more than a thousand crore per year) have to implement CSR funds. India happens to be the first country to have made this mandatory for private sector companies. 

The amount to be deposited in this fund depends upon many considerations, but at a minimum a business has to spend 2% of their profits (calculated on the average of the last 3 years) on CSR activities each year. It is worth noting that some companies spend as high as 5-7%. 

Any unspent CSR fund of a financial year will be absorbed by the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund.

Flux of CSR Funding in India

As per the reports of various high level committees investigating CSR activities of companies operating in India, ever since its inception most major businesses are quite attracted to the idea. Only in five years, the total amount of CSR funds have grown up to a hundred thousand crores. Many top-level companies are voluntarily spending more than their required 2% of profits. 

The best year so far has been 2015-16, when companies managed to spend 85% of their profits. About half of that came from the top 2% companies. NGOs were responsible for spending a majority of the budget, but businesses themselves implemented CSR spending activities as well.

According to data, companies like to spend locally. Over half of CSR projects go to local area development projects where the company densely operates. There were major donations to various relief funds and to the Swachh Bharat Program too. 

Top CSR Fund Company List in India

As per the companies act it is now mandatory for all large companies to contribute to their CSR funds. However, some companies do it better than others. Here is a list of top 20 companies in India contributing to corporate social responsibility.

1. Reliance
2. TCS
3. HDFC (bank)
4. ONGC
5. Infosys
6. ITC
7. Indian Oil
8. NTPC
9. Power Grid Corporation
10. Hindustan Zinc
11. HCL
12. Tata Steel
13. ICICI
14. HDFC (finance)
15. Mahanadi Coalfields
16. Wipro
17. JSW Steel
18. Hindustan Unilever
19. Power Finance Corporation
20. L&T

These and other companies are contributing to the development of the nation through various donations, projects, and initiatives. 

How to Use Unspent CSR Funds

In section 135 as stated previously, there are several focus areas notified as to where you can spend your CSR fund. Obviously, you can let an NGO take care of it and do some good in your name. That is all well and good, but it’s not that popular. What’s more interesting is that most of the CSR activities tend to converge towards working in the education sector. Just look at the following list of educational projects taken up by major corporations.

• Reliance Industries: Reliance Foundation Education, Sports For All, Digital Learning Van, Dhirubhai Ambani Scholarship, and more. Estimated spend: 527 crores.
• NTPC: NTPC Utkarsh Scholarship, mobile science labs, providing computers to classes VII-X. Estimated spend: 132 crores.
• Wipro: Systemic Reforms in School Education, education for children with disabilities, Wipro Earthian, Azim Premji University, Santoor Women’s Scholarship, WASE/WiSTA STEM learning. Estimated spend: 124 crores.
• Infosys: Free meals for BPL children in Bannerghatta, Avanti Fellows, Spark-IT programme. Estimated spend: 95 crores.
• Mahanadi Coalfields: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, various improvements at poor primary and lower secondary level schools. Estimated spend: 69 crores.
• Tata Steel: 1000 Schools Project in Jharkhand. Estimated spend: 67 crores.
• Hindustan Zinc: Project Khushi, Nand Ghar, Shiksha Sambal, Jeevan Tarang, Yashad Sumedha, Women’s Scholarship at Vedanta Girls’ College. Estimated spend: 51 crores.
• HDFC bank: HDFC Parivartan, Project Disha, ECSS, Navachar Pustika, 3T programme. Estimated spend: 48 crores.
• Mahindra & Mahindra: Mahindra United World College, Project Nanhi Kali, Mahindra Pride. Estimated spend: 40 crores.
• TCS: ALP, Launchpad, Project InsighT, Lab on Bike, CBFL software. Estimated spend: 36 crores.

From the above, it is conclusive that it makes more sense to invest CSR funds in the education sector, directly or indirectly. Indeed, according to  IndiaTimes , companies plan to increase spending of CSR funds in skilling and education in 2022-23. 

Nearly 7 out of 10 companies express interest in the education sector as far as their CSR funds are concerned. Close to half of that are also planning to invest in women empowerment, gender equality and other equality issues, old age homes, and similar projects. However, some of the latter would still dedicate some of their funds towards education. 

The reason for that? Let’s explore!

Why Dedicate CSR Funds to Educational Projects

The educational system in India, as a whole, is subpar. Our success rates are way below what it should be for a growing country like us. Every year, millions of students drop out of school, especially in rural, underprivileged areas. Why? Because, they are simply more productive at home than in school. Poverty and social and economic insecurity force children to get into work before completing their education in the majority of cases.

Large businesses can do wonders in this scenario.

At the moment, education should be the biggest priority of our nation. It builds a national backbone, creates more opportunities, prevents wasting into political cadreship or antisocial activities. When performed holistically, it creates a people so enlightened that they leave behind all dogma and go forward to create an advanced nation. This is every learned person’s dream. 

But that requires a lot of work. Social entrepreneurship requires a lot of administrative and organizational clout. Large businesses are experts at that. They know how to plan a project and run it. They can invest their management expertise for the greater good. And of course, they can pay for the projects from their CSR fund. Therefore, investing into education feels more natural to large corporations. 

Education and skill development are two most prominent avenues defined in section 135 about where to spend CSR funds. Philanthropy is something a business generally never thinks about, but it is actually a critical component. Engaging volunteers from your army of workers into community service is a great way to build connections within and outside the company. It builds stronger bonds, advertises your brand by word-of-mouth, and helps out those in need. It is a win-win for everyone!

There are different levels of engagement a company may prefer with CSR activities. Some may want to just donate the CSR funds to an NGO and let them do the legwork. Some may want to donate products or services to a school. Some may give volunteers to support a cause. And a few of the large organizations can actually create and organize projects that affect hundreds if not thousands of people’s lives directly. For a small example, Infosys runs a project for providing free meals to children in small schools in the Bannerghatta region. 

To be precise, a company can adopt one of the following three models to carry out CSR activities: 

• Programme ownership
• Funding provider
• Partnership in implementation 

A business can choose to work in any of these modes with CSR, or in case of larger concerns, can adopt all three models. Most of the large companies stated above work in a mix-and-match way. 

What does a company get out of it? A lot. First and foremost, the wholesomeness of helping out somebody’s education is undeniable ‒ it is one of the noblest forms of charity and social work, with far-reaching consequences. The sheer ‘feelgoodness’ of it helps you keep a clean and bright public face.  

Secondly, think about it from a marketing perspective. When your brand sponsors a child’s education, when your brand becomes the reason someone is successful in life, you gain a dedicated volunteer spokesperson for your brand. They will nigh worship your brand and do word-of-mouth advertisement for free. 

Thirdly, your employees will love your company if they go larger than life this way. Most people have depressing thoughts like “What does my hard work matter? Is it just to make profits?” With community services, you can show your employees that they are serving a better purpose than just money. It works even better if you can pick volunteers from every room ‒ they will provide entertainment and dreamy break times, spreading their fieldwork stories. It would immensely help building your company culture and cohesiveness. 

Enter Labkafe: Your Friendly CSR Guide

Practical education is still swallowed by uncertainty in this country, in most places. In rural areas especially, there is scarcely any hands-on education to speak of. Labkafe intends to change that, root and stem. We envision bringing affordable practical education to every child in India. 

But we need your help to get that far.

Spending your CSR funds for building school laboratories is an excellent idea. First, this is the way to build a skilled workforce for tomorrow ‒ god knows we have plenty of need for that. There are too many MBAs but few good mechanics with official training. In other countries, most technicians and hands-on workers are properly passed and licensed from some vocational schools. Here? Bunch of learn-on-the-job tired people with no imagination or innovation. How about we change that?

Sponsoring a chain of schools for their laboratories can make a business famous ‒ more than they already are. But are you wondering how? Don’t worry. Labkafe can take care of the legwork for you. 

Labkafe has been in the laboratory building business for over seven years. As such, we are networked within a huge web of government and public schools from all over the country. We can gather CSR partnership from any state, any district, and mediate the proceedings. 

Together, Labkafe and You can make a difference. 

The post How to Wisely Invest Your CSR Fund ‒ CSR Funded Educational Projects appeared first on Labkafe Blog.

The three fundamental disciplines of Science are Physics, Chemistry and Biology, and to have a solid knowledge in all these, one needs to be equally sound in both theory and practical concepts. The practical portion of these subjects help the students learn the theories effectively and help them understand the concepts more thoroughly.

Labkafe, a leading school lab equipment supplier, supplies all the necessary lab apparatus, instruments, chemicals, glassware, etc., for Physics, Chemistry and Biology lab at an affordable price. The apparatus provided are made of top-quality building materials and the product quality is always up-to-the mark. Maintenance leaflets are also given to ensure smooth functioning of the apparatus.

Let us now look at some common laboratory apparatus including their instruments that are used in the Physics, Chemistry and Biology laboratories and how they are important for understanding the subjects.

i) Biology Lab Apparatus

1) Compound microscope:

A compound microscope is an easily identifiable instrument with its characteristic curved arm, heavy flat base and delicate lens-bearing tubes stacked on top. Its primary function is to magnify the view of an object by enlarging it twice using the objective and oculus lenses. 

Equipment required: a) Base or the foot, b) piller, c) arm, d) body, e) stage, f) clips, g) diaphragm, h) nose piece, i) adjustment knobs, j) illuminator, k) condenser, l) ocular or eyepiece and m) objectives.

2) Photosynthesis Apparatus:

This apparatus is used to estimate the rate of photosynthesis in terms of the rate of evolution of gas by an aquatic plant. The variation of rate of photosynthesis with light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration can be shown as well. 

Equipment required: a) Two syringes, b) collecting tubes, c) three-way tap, and d) a black board for mounting.

3) Ganong’s potometer:

This apparatus is used to measure the transpiration rate of a plant in a laboratory. Transpiration is the process by which plants give off water vapour through the stomata present in their leaves. 

Equipment required: a) Glass tubes, b) a wide-mouthed glass cylinder, c) a graduated capillary tube, d) a graduated horizontal bar, e) a beaker, and f) a rubber cork.

4) Farmer potometer:

It is an apparatus used to measure the rate of water uptake by a cut plant shoot. 

Equipment required: a) A glass bottle type reservoir, b) a rubber stopper, c) a bent and graduated capillary tube, d) a funnel and e) a short glass tube.

5) Fiberglass models (3D):

These are top-quality fiberglass models depicting various parts of the human anatomy like that of a human eye, a human kidney, etc. The models serve as excellent practical and visual aids for students. The models are made of high-grade fiberglass that ensures a longer shelf life.

6) Rexine chart:

Durable educational rexine charts containing information regarding the theoretical aspects of the subject that are useful for performing the experiments are an essential part of the biology laboratory. These charts are helpful for both teachers and students to relate to the topic being discussed.

7) Human skeleton model:

The human skeleton acts as the fundamental basis of the human body. This structure is made up of several separate bones and cartilages. There are also bands of connective tissue, including ligaments and tendons, that are attached to the bones. The human skeleton model will allow the students to thoroughly understand the framework of bones and joints found in the human body.

8) Prepared slides:

Prepared specimens mounted on slides are viewed under a microscope to get a magnified view of the components of the particular cell. Samples of the prepared slides include amoeba, hydra, daphnia, cell division, blood smear, etc. 

9) Museum specimens:

The museum specimens are a display of the most carefully selected biological specimens, preserved in life forms and are securely mounted on transparent plates in crystal clear sealed jars. These specimens are properly labeled for the students to understand.

ii) Chemistry Lab Apparatus

10) Analytical balance:

An analytical balance is a high-precision and high-sensitive laboratory apparatus from our list that is capable of measuring even a tenth or a hundredth of a milligram and is used to measure very small amounts of solids. The weighing area of an analytical balance is boxed in a glass cubicle.

11) Kipp’s apparatus:

Kipp’s apparatus is a super-simple apparatus that is used for preparing a small volume of gas by reacting a solid with a liquid. The most common gas prepared in Kipp’s apparatus is hydrogen sulphide by reacting iron sulphide with hydrochloric acid. The apparatus consists of three interconnecting globes. The middle globe contains the solid reagent. The upper globe constitutes a funnel with a long neck that goes down to the bottom of the apparatus. Dilute acid is poured through the upper globe that comes in contact with the solid reagent in the middle globe, thereby liberating the desired gas. 

Equipment required: a) Kipp’s apparatus, b) funnel, c) iron sulphide and d) dilute sulphuric acid.

12) Glasswares:

Glasswares are an integral part of the chemistry laboratory. These are made of glass and include test tubes, measuring cylinders, beakers, pipettes, burettes, volumetric flasks, etc.

13) Chemicals:

Chemicals are the most essential for performing different experiments in the chemistry laboratory. They come in different forms like powder form, solution form, crystals, pellets, etc. Chemicals include salts, acids, bases, reagents, indicators, etc., that are used for the experiments.

14) Chromatography apparatus:

This apparatus is used to carry out chromatography technique using paper sheets as the adsorbent. Paper chromatography is a cost-effective method of separating dissolved chemical substances by their different migration rates across the sheets of paper. 

Equipment required: a) Chromatographic chamber, b) measuring jar, c) Whatman filter paper strips, d) isopropyl alcohol, e) glass rod, f) capillary tube, g) distilled water, h) pencil and scale and i) the mixture to be tested.

15) Copper calorimeter:

A copper calorimeter is used for measuring the heat of chemical changes or any physical changes and also their heat capacity. Copper is a good conductor of heat and has a very low specific heat capacity. 

Equipment required: a) Copper calorimeter, b) a stirrer, c) an insulating cover, d) two thermometers, e) a beaker, f) water, g) a metallic solid cylinder that is insoluble in water, h) weighing machine, i) a piece of strong, non-flexible thread, j) tripod stand, h) wire gauze and i) Bunsen burner.

16) Rexine chart:

Durable educational rexine charts containing information regarding the theoretical aspects of the subject that are useful for performing the experiments are an essential part of the chemistry laboratory. These charts are helpful for both teachers and students to relate to the topic being discussed.

17) 3D Periodic table:

It is a three dimensional interactive periodic table that shows the arrangement of elements in groups and periods according to their atomic numbers. 

18) pH-meter:

This apparatus helps determine the acidic or alkaline nature of aqueous solutions by identifying their pH values. pH of an aqueous solution indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. 

Equipment required: a) Sample to be tested, b) acetate buffer, c) ammonium buffer, d) tissue paper and e) a pH-meter.

19) TDS-meter:

This high-precision apparatus is used in the laboratory to measure the amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) in a water sample. A TDS-meter measures the conductivity of the sample and estimates the TDS from that reading.

20) Digital balance:

It is a weighing machine that provides an accurate value of weight of any object. It is very important while carrying out experiments in the laboratory because the balance can precisely measure the amount of chemicals. A display on the balance shows the weight of the object placed on it.

iii) Physics Lab Apparatus

21) Reflection of sound:

The apparatus for reflection of sound demonstrates the second law of reflection, i.e., the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection for any setting. 

Equipment required: a) Two 12 inch long stainless steel pipes and b) a superior quality laminated board with a protractor printed on it.

22) Slinky spring:

A slinky spring or a stretched spring is used to determine the velocity of a pulse propagated through it. Pulse is a wave produced by a single disturbance in a given medium. 

Equipment required: a) A flat wire coiled copper slinky spring, b) a metre rod, c) a stopwatch and d) a small wooden board. 

23) Ohm’s law apparatus:

This apparatus is used to study the dependence of potential difference across a resistor on the current passing through it and determine its resistance. Ohm’s law states that, the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. 

Equipment required: a) A battery eliminator (0-12 volts, 2 amps), b) a voltmeter, c) an ammeter, d) a rheostat, e) a resistance box and f) connecting wires.

24) Gold leaf electroscope:

It is a type of electroscope consisting of two gold leaves and is used for identifying the presence of electrical charge in a body along with the nature of the charge. The electroscope can also determine whether a body is a conductor or an insulator. It can be used to detect the charge by putting the body under test in contact with the metal cap. If the leaves diverge, the body is charged and if there is no effect on the leaves, then the body is uncharged. 

Equipment required: a) A gold leaf electroscope, b) any materials that can be tested like carpet, c) rubber or vinyl and d) a metal foil.

25) Dynamo model:

AC dynamo works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. In this case, electric current is induced in the coil placed in a changing magnetic field. 

Equipment required: a) Conducting wire, b) a permanent magnet, c) a soft iron core, d) slip rings and e) carbon brushes.

26) Electric motor model in acrylic body:

An electric motor model in an acrylic body is used to demonstrate how an electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

27) Kaleidoscope:

A kaleidoscope is an amazing optical instrument that demonstrates the phenomenon of multiple reflections. It is a tube consisting of two or more reflectors placed at an angle to one another. When coloured pieces of glasses are placed between the reflectors and the tube is rotated,  one can see the formation of symmetrical patterns from one end. The underlying principles of a kaleidoscope are laws of reflection of light and that white light is a combination of VIBGYOR. 

Equipment required: a) A kaleidoscope and b) small coloured glass pieces.

28) Multimeter:

A multimeter is a handheld tester used to measure electrical voltage, current, resistance and other values. Multimeters can be both analog and digital and are useful for measuring battery voltage, detecting faults and complex diagnostics, etc. 

Equipment required: a) Three carbon resistors, b) one standard resistance coil, c) a battery eliminator with tapping, d) a step-down transformer with two tapping, e) a 100 ohm resistor , e) a multimeter and f) a plug key.

29) Periscope:

It is an optical tool which is used when an obstacle or position prevents direct line-of-sight observation from the observer’s position. A periscope basically works on the principle of reflection of light. It is constructed by using two mirrors placed parallel to another at an angle of 45 degrees in a box. 

Equipment required: a) Two circular mirrors, b) two 12” sections of PVC pipe (one with a slightly larger diameter), c) two PVC elbow joints and d) putty.

30) p-n junction diode apparatus:

A p-n junction diode is a semiconductor device with two terminals or two electrodes that only permits electric current to flow in one direction while blocking the other or reverse direction.  The associated apparatus is used to observe the diode characteristics-reverse V-I characteristics and forward V-I characteristics. 

Equipment required: a) A p-n junction diode, b) a 3 V battery and a 50 V battery, c) a high resistant rheostat, d) a 0-3 V voltmeter and a 0-50 V voltmeter, e) a 0-100 mA ammeter and an 0-100  μ ammeter, f) connecting wires and g) one way key.

31) Zener diode:

A Zener diode is a semiconductor device constituting a p-n junction which conducts the current in reverse direction when a particular specified voltage is attained. It allows the current to flow in forward or reverse direction. The diode has a reverse breakdown voltage and so it can continuously function in a reverse bias mode without getting damaged.  A Zener diode is used to study the reverse characteristic curve and determine the reverse breakdown voltage. 

Equipment required: a) A battery, b) a rheostat, c) a small resistance (200 ohm), d) a milliammeter, e) a voltmeter, f) a key and g) a Zener diode. 

32) Conversion of galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter:

A galvanometer is an instrument used for detecting small electric current or measuring its magnitude. A voltmeter, also called a voltage meter, is a device that is used to measure the potential difference, or voltage, between two points in an electrical circuit. An ammeter is an instrument for measuring the current flowing through a live circuit. 

Equipment required: a) A galvanometer, b) a cell, c) a rheostat, d) an ammeter of desired range, e) a resistance wire, f) a key and g) a screw gauge; h) a galvanometer of known resistance, i) a battery eliminator, j) a one way key, k) a rheostat, l) a voltmeter of 3 V range, m) connecting wires, n) a resistance box and o) sandpaper. 

33) Searle’s apparatus:

The Searle’s apparatus is used to determine the Young’s modulus of the material of a wire. The Young’s modulus of a material indicates how easily the material can be stretched and deformed and is expressed as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. 

Equipment required: a) Searle’s apparatus, b) two long steel wires of equal length and diameter, c) a metre scale, d) a set of ½ kg slotted weights, e) a 1 kg weight hanger and f) a 1 kg dead load.

34) Parallelogram apparatus:

The Parallelogram apparatus, also called the Gravestand apparatus, is a device used to demonstrate the parallelogram law of vector addition. 

Equipment required: a) Parallelogram apparatus, b) plumb line, c) two hangers with slotted weight, d) a wooden block whose weight is to be measured, e) a thin strong thread, f) a white drawing paper sheet, g) drawing pins, h) a mirror strip, i) a sharp pencil, j) a half metre scale, k) set squares and l) a protractor.

35) Optical bench with accessories:

The optical bench is a long steel pipe with a linear scale applied to it. There are light sources, lenses and screens placed on the bench so that image formation can be observed.  An object is put on one side and corresponding image distance can be measured. The accessories of an optical bench include lens holder, ground glass screen, wire gauge screen, centering pin, universal lens holder, parallax pin, adjustable metallic stand, light screen, liquid lens pointer, mirror stand and adjustable slit. 

Equipment required: a) convex lens, b) a lens holder, c) a screen fixed to a stand, d) a meter scale, e) a small scale, f) a lighter, g) a small candle with a stand, h) illuminated wire gauze and i) a convex mirror.

36) Hooke’s Law apparatus:

The Hooke’s Law apparatus is used to show that the relationship between the extension on a spring is proportional to the load applied to it. 

Equipment required: a) A spring, b) a measuring ruler and c) weights.

37) Spring constant apparatus:

This apparatus is used to measure force by using Hooke’s law. It consists of a retort stand on which a spring is clamped. 

Equipment required: a) Spring constant apparatus, b) slotted weights, and c) a ruler.

38) Sonometer apparatus:

A sonometer apparatus is used for demonstrating the relationship between the frequency of the sound produced by a string when it is plucked and the tension, length and mass per unit length of the string. 

Equipment required: a) Sonometer apparatus, b) a set of tuning forks of known frequencies, c) a weight hanger of 0.5kg, d) 0.5 kg slotted weights, e) a rubber pad and f) a paper rider.

39) Physical balance:

A physical balance or a beam balance is a weighing instrument that helps in measuring the weight of a body by utilizing the principle of moments. 

Equipment required: a) A physical balance, b) a weight box, c) a spirit level and d) two objects of different mass.

40) Hot plate:

A hot plate is an electronic device that is used to uniformly heat a liquid with or without stirring it. 

Equipment required:  a) A calorimeter, b) a wooden with a lid, c) a stirrer, d) a thermometer, e) distilled water, f) cotton, g) beakers, h) a hot plate and i) a measuring jar.

41) Meter bridge:

It is an electrical apparatus used to measure the value of unknown resistance by implementing the principle of a Wheatstone bridge. 

Equipment required: a) a meter bridge, b) Leclanche cell, c) galvanometer, d) resistance box, d) jockey, e) one way key, f) a resistance wire, g) a screw gauge, h) a metre scale and i) connecting wires.

42) Potentiometer:

It is an electronic device that compares the electromotive force of two cells,  measures the cell’s internal resistance and detects the potential difference across a resistor. 

Equipment required: a) Potentiometer, b) Daniel cell and Leclanche cell, c) jockey, d) a battery eliminator, e) a resistance box, f) a galvanometer, g) one-way and two-way keys, h) a rheostat, i) an ammeter and j) connecting wires.

43) Simple pendulum apparatus:

A simple pendulum consists of a brass sphere with a bob suspended from a rigid stand. It shows the simple harmonic motion as the acceleration of the bob is directly proportional to the displacement from the mean position and is always directed to it. 

Equipment required: a) A clamp with a stand, b) a split cork, c) about 2 metres long cotton thread, d) Vernier caliper, e) a bob, f) a stopwatch and g) a metre scale. 

44) Resonance apparatus:

This apparatus is used to detect the resonance positions in air columns from which the speed of sound in air can be determined at room temperature. 

Equipment required: a) Resonance column apparatus, b) tuning forks of known frequencies and c) a rubber hammer.

45) Viscosity (Stoke’s law) apparatus:

The viscosity apparatus is useful in determining the viscosity of oils, water, glycerin and other liquids. It utilizes the essence of the Stoke’s law which expresses the drag force resisting the fall of small spherical bodies through a fluid. 

Equipment required: a) A long cylindrical glass jar, b) any transparent viscous fluid, c) a metre scale, d) a spherical ball, e) a screw gauge, f) Vernier calipers, g) a stop clock and h) thread.

46) Archimedes Apparatus:

This apparatus demonstrates that the buoyancy acting on a body submerged in a liquid corresponds to the weight of the displaced liquid. 

Equipment required: a) An iron stand, b) 500 ml and 250 ml beakers, c) an overflow can, d) a weighing balance. e) a wooden base, f) a sphere, g) a spring balance and h) a rectangular copper block.

47) Rexine chart:

Durable educational rexine charts containing information regarding the theoretical aspects of the subject that are useful for performing the experiments are an essential part of the physics laboratory. These charts are helpful for both teachers and students to relate to the topic being discussed.

To conclude, we may say our 47 Laboratory Apparatus List helped you to understand which apparatus will be good for your student to understand science concepts. Hoped, you clearly understand the use of all the lab apparatus. We have various school lab equipment packages as per the school board of CBSE, state board, and others. You can book a one-to-one consultation with our lab expert to learn more about the school lab setup.

The post 47 Laboratory Apparatus List & Uses for School Physics, Chemistry & Biology appeared first on Labkafe Blog.